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A obrigação universal de desarmamento nuclear
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
2017
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Resumo: Em 2016, a Corte
Internacional Justiça rejeitou, por oito votos a oito (e voto de minerva
do presidente), as demandas das Ilhas Marshall contra as potências
nucleares sobre o tema de desarmamento nuclear. Então, o juiz brasileiro
apresentou voto dissidente, na qual sustentou que a CIJ tem jurisdição
sobre a matéria e deveria ter procedido ao exame do seu mérito.
Assinalou que há hoje uma opinio juris communis formada a
respeito da ilegalidade das armas nucleares, como se pode depreender das
séries de resoluções da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas, a que se
agregam soluções do Conselho de Segurança e pronunciamentos do
Secretário-Geral. Além disso, recordou que a Carta das Nações Unidas é
atenta aos povos e assim tem sido no ciclo recente de Conferências
Mundiais das Nações Unidas. Defendeu, enfim, tratar-se de tema que afeta
a humanidade como um todo e a razão de humanidade prevalece sobre a
razão de Estado.
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The universal obligation of nuclear disarmament
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
2017
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Abstract: In October 2016, the
International Court of Justice rejected by 8 votes (with the casting
vote of its president), the lawsuits by the Marshall Islands against
nuclear powers in the Nuclear Arms case. The Brazilian judge at the ICJ,
A.A. Cançado
Trindade, presented a forceful Dissenting Vote, in which he argued that
the ICJ does have jurisdiction over the matter, and should have
proceeded at the examination of the case merit. He observed that today
there is a clearly formed opinio juris communis
regarding the illegality of the nuclear weapons, as can be seen from a
series of numerous resolutions from the United Nations General Assembly,
which are added to resolutions of the Security Council and declarations
of the Secretary-General. The charter of the United Nations itself is
attentive to the peoples, and thus it has been in the latest cycles of
the United Nations World Conferences, as well as in other recent
conferences about the nuclear weapons effects. The strategy of
deterrence is unfoundedness. The greatest concern is the primacy of the
general principles of law and the superior common values shared by the
international community. This theme affects humankind as a whole, and
the raison dʼ humanité prevails over the raison dʼ Etat.
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The construction of a humanized international law: A collection of individual opinions (2013-2016)
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
2017
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Abstract: The current volume supplements volume 1 and 2 of The Construction of a Humanized International Law,
which contains a selection of the Individual Opinions of Judge Antônio
A. Cançado Trindade (1991-2013), former Judge and President of the
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and since 2008 a Judge of the
International Court of Justice. Volume 3 brings these texts up to date
till 2015. Many dwell on aspects of the increased humanization of
international law. Elevating this body of norms, which have
traditionally focused on purely inter-State relations, to a level where
individuals and their suffering (projected in time) become a primary
concern, is without doubt Antônio A. Cançado Trindade´s major doctrinal
contribution. His great achievement at the International Court of
Justice has been to draw attention to this dimension, and to further its
development in the international case-law, in the light of the
universal juridical conscience and stressing the relevance of general
principles of international law. In a significant number of cases the
World Court acts today as a human rights court, dealing increasingly,
albeit under the traditional umbrella of inter-State disputes, with
situations that involve human suffering and lead it to find human rights
violations. |
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The contribution of Latin American legal doctrine to the progressive development of international law
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
2016
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Abstract: Next line of considerations will cover
the Latin American contributions in distinct domains of international
law, namely: The law of international organizations, recognition of
Governments, diplomatic asylum, consular assistance, peaceful
settlement of international dispute, and disarmament
(nuclear-weapon-free zones). I shall then turn to the Latin American
contribution to the corpus juris of the International Law of Human
Rights, as well as of International Refugge Law. Next, I shall examine
the Latin American contribution to the primacy of Law over force (also
as an imperative of jus cogens). The way will then be paved for the presentation of my concluding observations on the theme of this special lecture.
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The reparative effects of human rights trials lessons from Argentina
Rosario Figari Layús
2018
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Abstract: Justice in domestic courts is one of the
most prominent aims of victims seeking to obtain accountability for
human rights violations. It is, however, also one of the most difficult
to achieve. In many Latin American countries, as well as elsewhere,
activists have put human rights prosecutions forward as a fundamental
means to end impunity, build democracy, strengthen the rule of law and
address victims’ rights. But there is still little knowledge about what
actually happens when these judicial mechanisms are effectively put to
work. Can prosecutions of mass human rights violations contribute to
overcome the effects of state violence and impunity? Can trials enable
meaningful reparative changes for victims in their local contexts?
Analysing the human rights trials in Argentina established to prosecute
those responsible for human rights violations during the military
dictatorship, this book addresses how and why domestic prosecutions can
operate as a means for reparation and contribute to dealing with the
damage caused by crimes against humanity. Based on a series of
interviews conducted with victims participating in these prosecutions,
as well as with lawyers, prosecutors, judges and other relevant actors
in five provinces of Argentina, this book will be of considerable
interest to those studying and working in the interdisciplinary field of
transitional justice and human rights. The PhD thesis on which this
book was based was awarded with the 2016 Doctoral Studies Award of the
Philipps University of Marburg in Germany. |
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Los juicios por sus protagonistas: Doce historias sobre los juicios por delitos de lesa humanidad en Argentina
Rosario Figari Layús
2015
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Resumen: Si
bien se han publicado ya diversos libros sobre los juicios por los
delitos de lesa humanidad cometidos durante la última dictadura militar
en Argentina, el presente volumen busca darle voz a aquellos que,
siendo protagonistas de los juicios, no suelen ser parte de las
publicaciones más frecuentes: Sobrevivientes de centros clandestinos de
detención, familiares de desaparecidos, activistas en derechos humanos
y abogados. Sus relatos provienen de lugares como Tucumán, Santiago del
Estero, Córdoba, La Plata, Rosario y Buenos Aires; y evidencian la
diversidad de perspectivas y realidades que a veces se presentan como
homogéneas. Los protagonistas de los juicios dan cuentan de la
estigmatización que sufrieron los sobrevivientes y familiares de
desaparecidos también en democracia. De la invisibilización de sus
experiencias, de su condición de sujetos políticos en el pasado y en el
presente. La importancia de los juicios para instalar verdades nuevas.
Incorporar su testimonio significa complejizar la historia, introducir
personas, lugares y luchas poco conocidas para el resto de la
sociedad. |
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Sobrevivir a la muerte: Tortura de mujeres por policías y fuerzas armadas en México
Amnistía Internacional
2016
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Resumen: Este informe reúne información que sugiere que la policía y las fuerzas armadas mexicanas someten a menudo
a mujeres a tortura y otros malos tratos y que la violencia sexual es una práctica habitual durante el arresto y el
interrogatorio. Fuertes golpes en el estómago, la cabeza y los oídos, amenazas de violación contra las mujeres
y sus familias, semiasfixia, descargas eléctricas en los genitales, manoseo de los pechos y pellizcos en los
pezones, violación con objetos, con los dedos, con armas de fuego y con el pene. Estas son sólo algunas de las
formas de violencia infligidas a las mujeres.
Amnistía Internacional entrevistó a un centenar de mujeres que habían denunciado haber sido sometidas
a violencia durante su arresto, y concluyó que todas ellas describían algún tipo de acoso sexual o abuso
psicológico, incluidas amenazas e insultos misóginos y sexualizados. Setenta y dos mujeres afirmaron haber
sufrido actos de violencia sexual en el momento del arresto o en las horas siguientes.
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Derechos humanos de los pueblos indígenas en México
Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos
2015
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Resumen: El presente documento muestra que los pueblos y las personas indígenas constituyen
uno de los sectores de la sociedad mexicana que
requiere mayor atención para su desarrollo económico,
político, social y cultural, así como para
recibir un trato digno, eliminando la discriminación
a la que permanentemente se enfrentan.
Por ello, es necesario construir en el país una
cultura de respeto, tanto a sus derechos individuales
como a los que adquieren como miembros
de una comunidad: El disfrute pleno de sus
derechos, como lo queremos para todos los
mexicanos. |
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